Performance Management Purposes and Definitions

Execution Management Purposes and Definitions Presentation Overseeing individuals in associations is turning out to be increasingly more significant these days in order to create the best outcome and accomplish proficiency. Along these lines workers ought to be overseen effectively in order to include an incentive in associations. Execution the board isn't new, in spite of the way that these days more accentuation is being laid on it, particularly in the open segment. Execution the board framework is considered as a device to an association. Execution the board is an entire work framework that starts when a vocation is characterized varying. It closes when a representative leaves your association. The presentation the board framework is a procedure which builds ability, diminishes cost and advances quality. Execution the executives is a term obtained from the administration writing. The term execution the board was first utilized during the 1970s, yet it didn't turn into a perceived procedure until the later 50% of the 1980s (Armstrong Baron, 1998). It has been among the most significant and positive improvements in the circle of the executives as of late. The significance of execution the board has advanced and keeps on developing. While in the sixties and seventies exhibition the executives was regularly likened to some type of legitimacy rating, in the eighties and nineties it has been connected to new administration ideal models, for example, Management by Objectives, Performance Appraisal, Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scales and Performance-related Pay. A definitive serious resource of any association is its kin (Band et al., 1994), in this manner associations ought to create worker abilities in a way lined up with the associations business objectives. This can be accomplished through execution the executives frameworks (Moullin, 2003), which go about as both social change device and empowering agent of improved authoritative execution through being instrumental in driving change. Association INDIVIDUAL Characterizes crucial, procedures and destinations Comprehends and concurs destinations Characterize errands, gauges and execution measures Comprehends and concurs errands, gauges and execution measures Screens authoritative, group and individual execution Screens own exhibition Creates group and individual execution Builds up own presentation Figure 1: The commitment of the association and the person in execution the board Execution the board subsequently plans to underline and empower wanted and esteemed practices (Risher, 2003), accordingly is a key instrument of correspondence and inspiration inside associations looking for a serious edge through key change and control. Execution the board at that point turns into a framework for interpreting hierarchical aim and aspiration enthusiastically and results conveying a vital objective, for example, conduct change (Band et al., 1994). References: Band, D.C., Scanlan, G. what's more, Tustin, C.M. (1994), Beyond the primary concern: gainsharing and hierarchical turn of events, Personnel Review, Vol. 23 No. 8, pp. 17-32. Moullin, M. (2003), Defining execution estimation, Perspectives on Performance, March, p. 3. Risher, H. (2003), Refocusing execution the board for superior, Compensation and Benefits Review, Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 20-30. Meaning OF PMS Fowler (1990) characterizes execution the board as: the association of work to accomplish the most ideal outcomes. From this straightforward perspective, execution the board isn't a framework or strategy, it is the totality of the everyday exercises everything being equal. The (at that point) Institute of Personnel Management (1992) delivered a comparable definition: A methodology which identifies with each action of the association set with regards to its HR strategies, culture, style and interchanges frameworks. The idea of the procedure relies upon the hierarchical setting and can differ from association to association. Story and Sisson (1993) characterize execution the board as: an interlocking arrangement of strategies and practices which have as their center the improved accomplishment of authoritative goals through a focus on singular execution. Fletcher (1992) gives an increasingly hierarchical meaning of execution the executives: a way to deal with making a common vision of the reason and points of the association, helping every individual worker comprehend and perceive their part in adding to them, and in this manner oversee and improve the presentation of the two people and the association. Execution the executives frameworks are characterized as: the formal, data based schedules and methods chiefs use to keep up or change designs in hierarchical exercises (adjusted from Simons, 2000). Reference: Simons, R. (2000), Performance Measurement and Control Systems for Implementing Strategy: Text and Cases, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Armstrong and Baron (1998): Execution the board, in a human asset the executives (HRM) sense, is the way toward conveying supported accomplishment to associations by improving capacities of people and groups. Armstrong and Baron characterize execution the executives as a procedure which adds to the powerful administration of people and groups so as to accomplish significant levels of authoritative execution. In that capacity, it builds up shared comprehension about what is to be accomplished and a way to deal with driving and creating individuals which will guarantee that it is accomplished. They proceed to pressure that it is a technique which identifies with each movement of the association set with regards to its human asset arrangements, culture, style and correspondences frameworks. The idea of the technique relies upon the authoritative setting and can shift from association to association. At the end of the day execution the board ought to be: Key it is about more extensive issues and longer-term objectives Incorporated it should interface different parts of the business, individuals the executives, and people and groups. It should consolidate: Execution improvement all through the association, for individual, group and hierarchical viability Advancement except if there is consistent advancement of people and groups, execution won't improve Overseeing conduct guaranteeing that people are urged to carry on in a manner that permits and encourages better working connections. Armstrong and Baronâ stress that at its best execution the board is an instrument to guarantee that supervisors oversee viably; that they guarantee the individuals or groups they oversee: know and comprehend what is anticipated from them have what it takes and capacity to convey on these desires are upheld by the association to build up the ability to meet these desires are given criticism on their presentation have the chance to talk about and add to individual and group points and targets. It is additionally about guaranteeing that chiefs themselves know about the effect of their own conduct on the individuals they oversee and are urged to recognize and display positive practices. Execution MANAGEMENT AS AN INTEGRATING PROCESS Execution the board is worried about the interrelated procedures of work, the board, improvement and prize. It can turn into a ground-breaking coordinating power, guaranteeing that these procedures are connected together appropriately as an essential piece of the human asset the executives approach which ought to be polished by each director in the association. Attributes OF PMS Armstrong and Baron (1998) characterize execution the executives by inspiring the attributes of an exhibition the board framework, which are as per the following: It imparts a dream of its targets to every one of its representatives. It sets departmental, unit, group, and individual execution focuses on that are identified with more extensive goals. It directs a conventional survey of progress towards these objectives. It utilizes the audit procedure to recognize preparing, advancement and prize results. It assesses the entire procedure so as to improve viability. It characterizes an administrative structure to take care of the considerable number of qualities above, with the goal that individual staff and supervisors are doled out explicit obligations to deal with the Performance Management System. Moreover, a presentation the board framework ought to have SMART goals to be specific; Specific, Measurable, Appropriate, Relevant and Timed. Reasons for PMS Armstrong and Baron (1998, pp. 51-6), Williams (2002, pp. 219-24), Poister (2003, pp. 9-15) and others have noticed that associations present execution the executives and additionally estimation for an assortment of purposes which may incorporate at least one of the accompanying 17 (the rundown underneath isn't proposed to be thorough): (1) to give data on hierarchical viability; (2) to give data on representatives viability; (3) to improve hierarchical viability; (4) to improve representatives viability; (5) to give data on hierarchical proficiency; (6) to give data on representatives proficiency; (7) to improve hierarchical proficiency; (8) to improve representatives proficiency; (9) to concentrate representatives consideration on territories regarded to be of most prominent need; (10) to improve representatives levels of inspiration; (11) to connect representatives pay with view of their presentation; (12) to improve the nature of workers preparing and advancement; (13) to raise levels of worker responsibility; (14) to adjust workers goals to those of the association all in all; (15) to improve client support; (16) to encourage the execution of an associations crucial/or methodology; what's more, (17) to go about as a switch of progress in building up a more exhibition arranged culture.

Psychological Measures in the Multicultural South African Context Essay

South Africa is profoundly inserted in the foundations of its past thus it unavoidable that mental evaluation today would be significantly affected by the historical backdrop of our nation. Foxcroft (1997) contended that there is a grave significance to comprehend the effect that South Africa’s past politically-sanctioned racial segregation approaches have had on the turn of events and utilization of mental testing. In her paper she tends to the effect of Apartheid strategies on test improvement and use just as semantic, social and standard factors that would represent a danger to the reasonable, fair and moral use and translation of mental tests. This task will follow a comparable layout, whereby the at various times of mental evaluation will be examined so as to comprehend why the status of mental appraisal has not advanced to the level that was anticipated from post-politically-sanctioned racial segregation South Africa. At long last, the laws or legal controls that have been utilized to direct estimates will be talked about. It is critical to right off the bat comprehend what mental testing is and when it very well may be utilized. As indicated by Krupenia, Mouton, Beuster and Makwe (2000), a mental test is a â€Å"objective and normalized proportion of an example of behavior† (Setshedi, 2008). Tests must meet three significant models; legitimacy, unwavering quality and normalization. As per Gadd and Phipps (as refered to in Groth-Marnat, 2009), a government sanctioned test is one which keeps the test things, organization, scoring, and translation techniques reliable in this way permitting examinations between scores. The point of normalizing tests can in this way be portrayed as organizing tests in order to think about various persons’ scores (Gadd and Phipps, 2012). Be that as it may, an issue emerges because of the differing and multicultural settings of South Africa. It gets hard to yield reasonable and fair outcomes without mulling over the language, culture and standards of the members. The Employment Equity Act No. 55 of 1998 (Section 8) alludes to mental tests and appraisal explicitly and states that: â€Å"Psychological testing and other comparative structures or evaluations of a worker are denied except if the test or evaluation that is being utilized: Has been logically demonstrated to be legitimate and dependable, can be applied reasonably to all representatives and isn't one-sided against any representative or group† (van de Vijver and Rothmann, 2004). Be that as it may, this has not been completely accomplished and mental testing in South Africa faces numerous difficulties. These difficulties or traps owe themselves to the philosophies of the past, to be specific, Apartheid. The status of mental testing in South Africa today can't be considered without thinking about the past oppressive laws and practices of politically-sanctioned racial segregation. These laws segregated strategically and depended on socioeconomics, that being race and social class. The strategies and enactment went during politically-sanctioned racial segregation affected the manner by which test advancement was drawn closer (Foxcroft, 2004). As indicated by Foxcroft, 2004, the improvement of new socially applicable tests has been negligible and the purpose behind this is there is a â€Å"dire lack of test advancement limit in South Africa at present. † Joseph and van Lill (2008) express that these huge disparities propagated during Apartheid might be implanted in South Africa’s social and financial structures and subsequently, factors, for example, language, race, financial status, nature and social and instructive foundations fill in as significant difficulties to the legitimacy, dependability and normalization of mental testing. As was referenced , â€Å"The practice of mental testing in South Africa should be comprehended as far as the effect that past politically-sanctioned racial segregation political strategies have had on test improvement and use† (Foxcroft, 1997). To get this, it is imperative to think about the historical backdrop of mental appraisal in South Africa. History of mental appraisal There is cozy connection among science and legislative issues in South African brain research (Claassen, 1995; Cooper, Nicholas, Seedat, and Statman, 1990; Nell, 1997) thus it isn't amazing that the improvement of mental tests during the politically-sanctioned racial segregation time was molded by the governmental issues and philosophies of the time. Under the politically-sanctioned racial segregation system, there was isolation along racial lines of local locations and training. Occupation arrangements guaranteed that specific employments were held for specific gatherings, in particular the white populace. Claasen (1997) declares that mental testing was acquainted with South Africa through the British and the improvement of mental tests has followed near the examples of tests in the USA. South African tests in any case, were created in a setting of inconsistent appropriation of assets because of politically-sanctioned racial segregation approaches and were along these lines used to abuse dark work and deny dark individuals access to instruction and monetary assets, accordingly propagating politically-sanctioned racial segregation. It was thusly inescapable that mental tests would follow a similar sort of isolation along racial lines. Thus, evaluation turned into a resource for the Apartheid system and was strengthened by those researchers who had confidence in the Western idea of Intelligence (Foxcroft, 1997). Laher (2012) talks about tests that were normalized for taught white South Africans however were controlled to â€Å"illiterate, uneducated or inadequately instructed dark South Africans† without researching as whether the test was liberated from inclination and appropriateness for the last gathering of people. This, indeed was done as such as to utilize the outcomes to legitimize that the white race was predominant. Socio-political advancements in the last 50% of the 1980s prompted the beginning of the annulment of bigotry upheld by politically-sanctioned racial segregation. It later became clear that there was an interest from the mechanical and instructive divisions of society, for basic tests that would not be out of line or unfair against race or culture (Claassen, 1995). Test engineers were then under a lot of strain to offer thought to test predisposition and to likewise create impartial psychometric tests that were not intended to put one gathering as better than the other and that would not segregate along racial lines (Claassen, 1995; Owen, 1991; van Eeden and Visser, 1992). Be that as it may, it shows up the change of test improvement and testing rehearses has gained less ground during the 1990s than was normal and this can be nailed down to the difficulties looked due to the â€Å"multicultural and multilingual setting of South Africa† (Foxcroft, 2004), hence making the procedure of change progressively intricate. The recognition that mental testing was unfair to some degree changed in the post-politically-sanctioned racial segregation years, in any case, this change of test advancement and testing rehearses has gained less ground than was normal due to the multifaceted nature of creating fair-minded and reasonable testing rehearses (Foxcroft, 1997, pp. 30). A portion of the significant traps related with mental evaluation comes from the â€Å"dire deficiency of test capacity limit in the nation at the moment† (Foxcroft, 2004). There are not very many tests that have been created in SA, that represent the multicultural, multilingual and f inancial parts of the nation. South Africa flaunts eleven diverse authority dialects and a variety of various societies and standards. Despite the fact that, language and culture are both connected they are totally extraordinary and along these lines present individual difficulties to the appraisal procedure. Culture As per Hall and Maramba (2001), the job of culture in brain science when all is said in done, has been of an optional sort and has gone about as a â€Å"moderator or qualifier of hypothetical recommendations thought to be general in scope† (as refered to in Gergen, Gulerce, Lock and Misra, 1996). Corridor and Maramba (2001:12) further proceed to state notwithstanding, that there is an expanding mindfulness that European American mental speculations might be of constrained importance in non †European American settings and along these lines by thinking about social issues, it can just assistance in making brain science increasingly exhaustive and pertinent. It is in this manner imperative to comprehend the job that culture plays in the mental appraisal process. The way that culture has been to some degree overlooked in mental testing turns into a significant entanglement as per Foxcroft (2004), â€Å"the South African culture has an assorted variety of societies wherein thankfulness for the way of life of root exists nearby varieties in cultural assimilation towards a Western norm† (as refered to in Claassen, 1997). Culture-reasonableness of tests and appropriateness across various gatherings of individuals has risen as the absolute most significant subjects related with the reasonable and moral use and understanding of tests (van der Merwe, 2002) and hence it is essential that these targets are met. With this stated, the onus is on the mental appraisal specialist to utilize alert when deciphering results particularly inside the setting of South Africa. Without measures with socially significant substance and suitable standards, reasonable testing practice might be undermined along these lines prompting test predisposition. The discussion around norming The discussion around the norming of mental tests is an intricate one. The inquiry professionals pose to themselves is whether standards ought to be utilized or not. Some state it is a method of â€Å"addressing the disparities in culturally diverse utilizations of tests† (Paterson and Uys, 2005), others felt that making various standards for various gatherings could be viewed as biased and practically tantamount to politically-sanctioned racial segregation rehearses (Paterson &Uys, 2005). A remark from a member in the examination done by Paterson and Uys (2005), put the entire discussion into point of view and expressed that, â€Å"You ought not build up a standard on those individuals for whom the test doesn't work. That is an essential: you can just standard on bunches where your test is dependable enough to use† (Paterson and Uys, 2005).

Fall 2010 Applicant Facts Post #7 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2010 Applicant Facts Post #7 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The fact/statistic this week on the applicant pool is mother tongue indicated on the application.   Many applicants did note two or three languages as native or noted varied versions of a similar base language (Mandarin/Cantonese for example) and I cleaned up the list to try to keep it to a single base language so it might appear slightly different than what you remember entering. The point is, there are a lot of different mother tongues represented within the applicant pool!   94 in the count below. Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Assam Azerbaijani Azeri Bahasa Indonesia Bassa Belorussian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Czech Danish Dari Dutch Farsi Filipino Finnish French Galician Georgian German Gonja Greek Gujarati Guyanese-Creole Haitian-Creole Hebrew Hindi Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Kannada Kazakh Kinyarwanda Korean Krio Kurdish Kyrgyz Luganda Luo Malayalam Mambwe Marathi Mende Mundari Nepali Norwegian Nyanja Oriya Ossetian Panjabi Pashto Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Romanian Russian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Serer Shona Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovenian Somali Spanish Swahilli Swedish Swiss German Tagalog Tamil Telugu Thai Tigrinya Turkish Turkmenian Twi Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese Wolof Xhosa Yoruba

Critique On Mm Theory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1112 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? American economist Franco Modigliani and Merton H. Miller published The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment (Hereafter MM theory); a paper presented the initial MM theory, which states that under a certain market price process, in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs, and asymmetric information, and in an efficient market, the value of a firm is unaffected by how that firm is financed. It does not matter if the firms capital is raised by issuing stock or selling debt. It does not matter what the firms dividend policy is (Modigliani and Miller 1958). The basic assumptions of MM theory are: 1. The company only has the long-term bonds and common stocks, both bonds and stock trade in the complete capital market with no transaction cost; 2. The individual investors and corporate investors could gain the same interest rate with no liability risk; 3. The companies with similar operating conditions have the same business risks; 4. Investors hold the same expectations on the average business profit in future; 5. All cash flows are perpetual annuities, including EBIT (Earnings before interest and tax) etc, that is, the growth rate of the enterprise is zero (Modigliani and Miller 1958). The development of MM theory mostly experienced three stages: 1. No-tax model. The first MM model takes no account of corporate taxations; 2. Corporate tax model. Modigliani and Miller (1963) published Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A Correction, which loosened its initial assumptions, introduced corporate tax into MM theory(Modigliani and Miller 1963); 3. Miller model. Merton H. Miller (1976) proposed to consider corporate tax and individual tax in estimating how the debt leverage impacts the value of firm (Miller 1977). During the past 50-year, MM theory has made tremendous academic achievements for western companies in exploring the optimal capital structure and reducing capital costs etc. Firstly, it provides a research frame of reference and theoretical basis. Since that, most of the capital theories are base on MM theory, such as Pecking-order Theory, Trade-off Theory, and Agency Theory etc. Secondly, MM theory makes the capital structure theories systematic and builds a framework for the development of capital structure theories. Secondly, MM theory makes the capital structure theory systematically, as there was not a system of traditional capital structure theory. Last, but not least, it is only a general description of the traditional capital structure theory. While MM theory uses modern analytical methods, such as partial equilibrium, mathematical analysis etc, therefore, it makes MM theory become reliable. Despite tremendous achievements, there are still limitations in MM theory. First, the assumptions are too harsh, and most of them cannot be achieved in reality. To illustrate, MM theory assumes that individuals and corporations could borrow at the same interest rate, and can be subst itutive, but, in fact, the individual borrowers pay more than what corporations do, as well as bear a higher risk. Furthermore, MM theory also assumes there is no transaction cost, which extremely differs from the real transaction process. Second, the assumptions are beyond the reality, although the logic derivation is correct, the conclusions still differs. Both corporate tax model and Miller model suppose that corporation should raise the liability as much as possible in order to maximise the value of the firm, in extremity, up to 100% liability. However, none of enterprises adopt this point. Third, MM theory stands at a static perspective, and does not consider the external economic environment and the impact on capital structure by changing enterprise’s production and operating conditions. In fact, many factors, which affect the capital structures, are variable. For example, companies should cut down their liabilities appropriately in order to reduce business risks, when the socio-economic experiences a recession. According to MM theory, the value of tax saving is associated with the corporate income tax rate. That is, the higher corporate income tax rate, the more tax deductible the corporation could achieve from financing by liability. In other words, corporations are inclined to finance by liabilities rather than equity financing in relative higher corporate income tax rate countries, and vice versa. Under the actual situation in China, the corporate income tax is much higher than other countries in the world; corporations should prefer financing from debt theoretically (Huang and Zhang 2007). However, actually, the capital structure of Chinese enterprises runs counter to the MM theory and other capital structure theories. The proportion of liability financing in China is far less than the proportion of equity financing (Huang and Song 2006). First of all, there is merely no mechanism in applying MM theory. In accordance with the MM t heory, both individual and institutional investors can process arbitrage actions freely in the capital markets. In western well-developed capital markets, there is a wide range of fund-raising channels and other financing options, the arbitrage mechanisms usually affect the markets. However, at present, the market mechanism is not fully developed in China, as well as capital market is under-developed. Thus, these limit the financing options and forms; make it difficult to carry out arbitrage activities. Generally, MM theory cannot be applied. Secondly, the tax-saving of MM theory affects gently in China. As the taxations are mainly coming from turnover tax in China, and 80% of the tax is from value-added tax, consumption tax etc, while the income tax only accounts for 20% of the tax revenue. Compared with western countries, the income tax is accounted for 80% of the tax revenue. As consequence, the benefits from tax-saving produce little effect. Finally, MM theory is based on the western complete financial markets, as companies are free to choose a variety of funding sources from the capital market, and all the investors are free to choose their own investments. However, the capital market is not yet perfect in China, bond financing is subject to strictly control and, therefore, the theoretical framework of MM theory cannot be applied perfectly in China. To sum up, MM theory does make great academic achievements to modern capital structure research, and it provides a systematic framework for later development. However, the assumptions of MM theory are over-theoretical, which cannot be obtainable in actual world. Thus, it needs to consider other variables in factual analysis. ? References Huang, G. and F. M. Song (2006). The Determinants of Capitral Structure: Evidence from China. China Economic Review 17(1): 23. Huang, S. and G. Zhang (2007). The Analysis of Financing Preference on Chinas Listed Companies. Economic Research Journal 42(472): 12. Miller, M. H. (1977). Debt and Taxes presidential address delivered at the annual meeting of the American Finance Association, September 17, 1976. Journal of Finance. Modigliani, F. and M. H. Miller (1958). The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment The American Economic Review 48(3): 38. Modigliani, F. and M. H. Miller (1963). Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A Correction. The American Economic Review 53(3): 11. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critique On Mm Theory" essay for you Create order

Sublimation Definition (Phase Transition in Chemistry)

Never Before Told Stories on Exploration Essay Topics That You Must Read or Be Left Out

Never Before Told Stories on Exploration Essay Topics That You Must Read or Be Left Out The Good, the Bad and Exploration Essay Topics Your essay is the opportunity to liven up your application. Although the writer is just describing the subject, there ought to still be logic to follow. Your thesis ought to be relevant so the write-up can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. Finding out how to compose an essay is something which will help students not just in their school and college career, but throughout their life also. If you opt to concentrate on an obscure social networking platform, you might struggle to flesh out your essay or compose enough valuable details. The exploratory essays are usually assigned to the students when there's a demand for them to understand something independently, as opposed to learning it within a conventional way from the teachers. If you're bored with the topic that you're given by the teacher or need to accept since you don't have any other ideas, you'll need to overcome a variety of unpleasant emotions before getting down to collecting the required info and writing. If you're really fighting to select a theme or topic, don't hesitate to get assistance from professional and inexpensive reliable essay writing service such as EduBirdie. Furthermore, you don't need to devote a lot to acquire the support of our PhD qualified writers. The above mentioned means that extensive research isn't a choice or a student might get an unbalanced essay. Often college students get into a great deal of stress to get the suitable topic for the essay. The very first step is where a large number of students become stuck. Basically every student you'll be up against has done some kind of community support. Argue that public higher education has to be free for everybody. As an example, students might write about the advantages of a vegan diet. The Exploration Essay Topics Cover Up Cost shouldn't be a concern in such critical matters. To defend your subject, you might recall the effect of overloaded schedule on college grades. Suggest several ways students may work with each other to enhance the school spirit in your school. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. The exploration of the outer space is a significant topic that numerous men and women often underestimate. The job ought to be full of particulars. Numerous arguments against space exploration show that we don't have sufficient money to waste on these sorts of activities. After learning all secrets of the planet people may search for what is correct in space. Hearsay, Lies and Exploration Essay Topics Since you can notice, nearly all of the topics mentioned in the aforementioned list focus do not own a definite answer. In case the topic is too narrow, you might find it difficult to discover the appropriate literature. Therefore, if you're allowed to select a topic by yourself, you should attempt to come up with it on your very own first. Research-based topics require students to assemble information till they write. The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a very clear comprehension of what things to write about. Exploratory essay ideas are difficult to come by, but there's an excellent assortment of topics you can select from. For some students, a choice of topic is the easiest part. Select one topic that you're knowledgeable about, along with comfortable with. Therefore, should you need to compose a synthesis essay that's devoted to the field of space exploration, start with choosing an intriguing topic. The more information you are able to gather about the subject, the better prepared you'll be for writing your essay. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. If you select a topic which you really like, it's probable that you'll have no troubles with either the practice of searching for reference information for your essay nor the writing itself. The Nuiances of Exploration Essay Topics Essay plans can be useful in reminding you of important points that may be used to cover in your essay. Referencing is an integral component of a grading rubric. There are several good persuasive essay topics to pick from. It's also necessary to be sure the essay is consistent in arguing the principal points of the essay. There are many different ways of writing an essay but the fundamental structure stays the same. Therefore, if you're requested to draft an exploratory essay in your school, college or university, it's essential to select a topic that supplies you with the scope to learn more about the subject vividly and most significantly learn some helpful lessons while working on the essay. The Chronicles of Exploration Essay Topics If you have to write only 1 paper at the conclusion of the period, you can breathe out as you are blessed. In this way, the reader may also feel the best way to be in that specific birthday party. It is possible to also restate the ideas you have discussed in the body paragraphs in order to make your point valid. Be clear in your thoughts about the point you wish to make.

Risk Involves Implementation of Treatments - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Risk Involves Implementation of Treatments. Answer: Introduction: The BBC News had reported some serious terror attacks that had taken place in Paris during November,2015. These attacks had taken place in various places in the city including the caf, the bars, the concert halls, the stadiums and the restaurants. These attacks were seen to be carried out by the various gunmen and the suicide bombers. The attacks were declared to be acts of war that were reportedly conducted by the militant group named Islamic State (IS). These attacks killed almost 130 people, more than 100 people critically injured and hundreds of others wounded. The first of the blasts had taken place at the Stade de France Stadium where a friendly exhibition football match on the international level had been going on between Germany and France. The terrorists then made their move towards the central area of the city of love, Paris. The AK47 open fire and the gun attacks took place at the Le Petit Cambodege, a Cambodian restaurant and the Le Carillon bar which is located on the ot her end of the restaurant management. The terrorists had shot down the revelers as well as the diners who had been present at the venues at the given point time. According to Masanauskas (2015), this massacre led to the death of almost 18 people. Bonne Biere, a caf as well as La Casa Nostra pizzeria also had to face the terrorist attacks which claimed the lives of 5 people and left 8 of them injured. The terrorists had also attacked the Bataclan concert wherein the Eagles, a Californian rock band that had been playing in front of a full house of almost 1500 fans. The gunman who had fired the Kalashnikov-type assault rifles had led to the death of 89 people who had been attending the concert on that fateful day. The terrorists had fired numerous rounds of bullets within the crowded venue followed by the use of an explosive vest as reported by Steafel, (2015). According to the NBN news, Paris had faced the attacks at several places on the same day. This, according to R (2015), had led to the transport and the schools of the city after a closure of four and two days respectively. The number of tourists who had been visiting the city had reduced by large measures due to the seriousness and the coordinated nature of the terror that had been troubling the concerned city. The terrorist attacks on the city had left their negative imprints on the tourism, hospitality and the events industry that had been functional in Paris. The terrorists had attacked the two major events that had taken place in Paris, the football match and the rock concert. According to the report published by the Wall Street Journal, the first attacker had managed to gather a ticket of the football match and was barred from entering the venue by the security guard who had been posted at the entrance of the venue on finding the explosive vest during the frisking of the terrorist. The terrorist had detonated the vest while moving away from the concerned guard. The second terrorist had detonated the explosive vest while standing outside the stadium while the third attacked had detonated the same a t a McDonald center, which is located near the concerned stadium. According to Robinson and Landauro (2015), all the three terrorists were suicide bombers and had done so to affect the football fans who had been present at the venue. Hurley (2015) had reported that 5 people had lost their lives in this incident and 18 people had lost their lives at another Japanese restaurant. The stadium had to stop holding the various events due to the declaration of the state of the emergency by the government of the land, which reveals that the authorities might experience a loss of the financial income of the sports stadium. According to Thompson (2015), this had led to the cancellation and the postponing of the various sports events. This had led to the governmental lockdown of Brussels for almost 51.7 million Euros per day. According to Wyke (2015), the French government had suffered almost 2 billion Euros due to these terrorist attacks management. A La Bonne Biere, a Parisian caf, was targeted and 5 people were killed by the terrorists, is one of the various shops that had reopened after the terrorist attacks. The owner of the caf had suggested that the caf had been closed and had been redecorated for the business purposes. Chazan (2015) stated that the authorities at the caf had worked hard for wiping off the scars that were left by the terrorist attacks that had taken place. A report by Daily Mail, Australia, Le Carillon bar, one of the targets of the terrorist attacks had re-opened their venue after almost two months after the terrorists had attacked the venue. Located at the heart of the city, this is one of the bars where the guests did enjoy the drinks even on the fateful day of the attack, due to which the functioning of the bar was hampered according to Hunter, (2016). The Casa Nostra Pizzeria restaurant also had to face some issues after the country had faced these attacks. A video had been published that put forth the assault that had taken place near the restaurant and the news media had claimed to have paid the restaurant an amount of $53,000. This claim had been refuted by the restaurant owner, Dimitri Mohamadi who had argued that the restaurant had faced a loss due to the concerned video. The restaurant is reported to be able to serve only 8 clients instead of the regular amount of 60 customers per day who used to visit the restaurant before the concerned terrorist attacks (France24, 2016). According to Frej (2016), La Belle Equipe Bistro Restaurant, wherein 20 people had lost their lives is one of the last among the cafs that did reopen. The Bataclan concert hall had thrown its gates open for Sting almost a year after the attacks as reported by the CNN. The musician had played for almost and hour for around 1000 people who had gathered in th e venue. According to Bell Vandoorne (2016), the venue had hosted this as a part of the remembrance as well as the celebration of the re-opening of the same. All the various targeted venues could not participate in the financial growth due to the terrorist activities and instead had to incur expenditure for the removal of the memories of the attack management. These terrorist activities had also affected the hospitality industry of the country. Wyke (2015) had stated that the hospitality industry had to deal with a lot of cancellations during the concerned period as well as a decline in the number of the tourists and clients who had been present in the various shops. The percentage of the stays at the various hotels of the country had declined in a huge manner which were reflected to be 8.5 percent of the earlier times. The decline faced from the foreign travelers were 11.5% and French tourists accounted for 4.8% of the same. The various holiday planners chose Greece and Spain to b e safer than Egypt, France, Tunisia and Turkey (Rodionova, 2016). The number of the tourists in Paris had faced a huge decline due to the anticipation of further attacks. As compared to the earlier years the number of tourists had declined by 1.5 million and the drop has cost the country a loss of almost 1.3 billion Euros (Paris region loses 1.5 million tourists over terror fears, 2017). The major source of income for the city are the Chinese travelers who spend a huge amount once they visit the city. Many of Chinese traveler visit one of the upmarket stores called Les Galeries Lafyettes, where they spend almost 1,400 Euros per visit. Other foreign tourists are also known for spending an average of 120 Euros per day. Hosie (2017) state that the number of the visitors from the various countries have declined on a high level. According to the Dailymail news, the activities of the Parisian hotels have faced a decline of 30-40 per cent and compared to November 2014, the occupancy in the capital has declined by almost 25 per cent. Air France, the French airline has lost around $130 million revenue after the attack while a museum that had 9.3 million visitors in 2014 experienced a drop to 8.7 million after the attack (Hunter, 2016). The addressal of the risk involves the implementation of the treatments and the concerned control over the areas of the risk. The lowering of the potential levels of the risks might include a well-planned treatment of the concerned risk. The risk treatment strategies might involve avoidance of the risk, acceptance of the risk, treatment of the risk and the transfer of the risk. The other options for the risk treatment might be avoidance, change in the likelihood of the occurrence, change in the consequences, sharing the risk and retaining the risk. The event industry might have to consider a huge number of factors like health and safety issues, electrical power, traffic controls, security and other such factors. Among the risk treatment options, a choice could be made regarding the likelihood of occurrence and the effects. The terrorists in these cases were suicide bombers and could have detonated themselves anywhere they felt like doing so. Due to these factors, it seemed impossible to bring about a change in the consequences since the stadium is the first targeted venue. However, in case of the third suicide bomber a change could have been brought about in the consequences. The occurrences revealed the fact that it is immensely important to protect the facility and the people who have been present at the concerned venue. The primary thing that must be done is the evacuation of the people by opening all the exit gates in a safe manner. It is also essential to bring about an increase in the employee awareness in the matters rel ated to the terrorist attacks so that they can understand the type, the source and the probability that is associated with the various threats and could assist the safety of the people without causing panic. The financial exposure that might be needed should be provided so that they might back up all the facilities and the insurance. The hospitality industry wherein people have been attacked when they enjoyed dinner comes second in the discussion. The primary attacks took place around 9:20pm and the risks might have been avoided thereby changing the consequences on hearing the sounds and the news. The majority of the people took it to be the sounds of fireworks, they did not anticipate it to be a terrorist attack. However, a little more concentration of the happenings on the outside and checking the news or distress calls and noticing the sounds immediately could have helped them to leave the caf, the bar and the restaurant before the arrival of the gunmen or in the least help them in protecting themselves by hiding under the tables or at the back door or might be somewhere else in the establishment. The tourists who visited Paris during the time, they could change the consequence if they had not visited the place in the first place. Tourists are always advised to seek knowledge about the current scenario of the decided place before actually visiting the place. This might have helped them to understand the possibility of the terrorist attack since according to BBC news France had faced another terrorist attack in the month of January. Hence, if the country had faced such major incidents in the previous year, the government should have alerted the tourism agencies as well as the private tourists by explaining to them the situations that might occur in case they visit the country in the mentioned period. Reference Bell, M., Vandoorne, S. (2016, November 13). Sting reopens Bataclan after Paris terror attacks. Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/13/europe/paris-bataclan-sting/index.html Charlie Hebdo attack: Three days of terror. (2015, January 14). Retrieved November 04, 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30708237 Chazan, D. (2015, December 04). Paris cafe La Bonne Biere reopens after terror attacks. Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/12032854/Paris-cafe-La-Bonne-Biere-reopens-after-terror-attacks.html France 24. (2016, February 07). Business down at Paris restaurant accused of selling attack video. Retrieved November 03, 2017, from https://www.france24.com/en/20160207-paris-attacks-casa-nostra-video-daily-mail Frej, W. (2016, March 21). Another Cafe Targeted In Paris Attacks Reopens, Ushering In Springtime. Retrieved November 01, 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/belle-equipe-cafe-paris-reopens_us_56eff976e4b084c67220c57d Hosie, R. (2017, February 22). Paris tourist numbers drop due to fears over further terror attacks. Retrieved November 01, 2017, from https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/paris-tourist-numbers-drop-franch-terror-attacks-further-charlie-hebdo-bataclan-shooting-isis-a7592836.html Hunter, I. (2016, January 13). 'We must continue to live, to drink': Paris's Carillon cafe reopens for the first time since being attacked in the terror attacks that killed 130. Retrieved November 03, 2017, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3398373/We-continue-live-drink-Paris-s-Carillon-cafe-reopens-time-attacked-terror-attacks-killed-130.html Hurley, D. (2015, November 15). Paris attacks: Suicide bombers try to enter Stade de France during Germany and France football match. Retrieved November 2, 2017, from https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/paris-attacks-suicide-bombers-try-to-enter-stade-de-france-during-germany-and-france-football-match/news-story/adf011dc46d35fcb54e0db2e658c14a4 Masanauskas, J. (2015, November 15). Paris attacks: Diners killed in Le Carillon and Le Petit Cambodge restaurants. Retrieved November 2, 2017, from https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/paris-attacks-diners-killed-in-le-carillon-and-le-petit-cambodge-restaurants/news-story/78b5db3d89a75ed791f9d3d3839f49fc Paris attacks: What happened on the night. (2015, December 09). Retrieved November 01, 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34818994 Paris region loses 1.5 million tourists over terror fears. (2017, February 21). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.thelocal.fr/20170221/ile-de-france-paris-region-loses-1-5-million-tourists-to-terror-fears (2015, November 25). Brussels Lockdown: Metro Reopens, But Troops Remain on Streets. Retrieved November 03, 2017, from https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/paris-terror-attacks/brussels-lockdown-metro-reopens-troops-remain-streets-n469376 Robinson, J., Landauro, I. (2015, November 15). Paris Attacks: Suicide Bomber Was Blocked From Entering Stade de France. Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/attacker-tried-to-enter-paris-stadium-but-was-turned-away-1447520571 Rodionova, Z. (2016, August 23). Paris loses 644m as tourists steer clear of the city after terror attacks. Retrieved November 04, 2017, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/paris-isis-tourism-attacks-impact-money-lost-aftermath-a7205121.html Thompson, P. (2015, November 14). Sporting events in Paris postponed. Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/465/france/2015/11/14/17323672/all-weekend-sporting-events-suspended-in-paris?ICID=HP_BN_8 Steafel, E. (2015, November 21). Paris terror attack: Everything we know on Saturday afternoon. Retrieved November 01, 2017, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11995246/Paris-shooting-What-we-know-so-far.html Wyke, T. (2015, November 30). Terror attacks in Paris means visitor numbers across Europe tumble and France has already lost 1.4bn in tourism revenue . Retrieved November 01, 2017, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3338173/Terror-attacks-Paris-means-visitor-numbers-Europe-tumble-France-lost-1-4bn-tourism-revenue.html

Creating Standard International Marketing Communication Strategies

Introduction In the simulation, the international marketing strategy for the Allsmile toothpaste product was to enter countries in Latin America with the first year in Chile.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Creating Standard International Marketing Communication Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second year strategy was to enter the Mexico and Brazil markets after successful establishment of a production plant in Chile. The third year strategy was market expansion within the three countries an increasing product visibility by 70%. In the fourth year, the strategy was to enter Argentina market. The product was targeting four specific customer segments consisting of the family, kids, young customers, and the aged. From the market research, it was apparent that the family segment was the largest followed by the young customers with the aged being the smallest consumer segment. Although there were sever al competitors such as Eversmile and Clean+White, the entry strategy and market penetration in the five targeted countries were very successful. Despite the successful international marketing strategy, the implementation was characterized by a challenge in allocation and customisation of marketing resources, especially in marketing communication in the five targeted regions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This treatise attempts to explicitly review this challenge with the intention of proposing appropriate strategies for turning this impediment into a positive international marketing tool. Challenge of Allocation and Customisation of Marketing Resources In marketing the Allsmile product in the four targeted markets, the regional manager faced the challenge of allocation and customisation of marketing resources due to variances in culture, demand, demographics, and penetrati on strategies in the four targeted markets. The cultural, demographic, and economic factors made it difficult for a smooth flow in product entry in each country and subsequent market penetration. For instance, the demographic factor made it very challenging to penetrate the market in Argentina due to imbalances between the family and young customer segments. Besides, the market is Chile was highly stratified due to the unique culture among the targeted client. Literature Review Allocation and customisation of marketing resources involves proper distribution of the marketing budget to ensure that the targeted market is served in the most optimal means possible. Customisation of marketing resources is vital in international marketing since it should be in line with different factors that directly determine the outcome of each marketing strategy (Hellenes 2014). In order to successfully allocate and customize resources in international marketing, it is important to carry out in-depth r esearch about the geographical location of the market, the role of the strategy in line with the needs, concerns, and interests of the targeted market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Creating Standard International Marketing Communication Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it is necessary to study the business needs. According to Belch Belch (2009), â€Å"high level of customer intimacy that comes with international marketing sometimes reveals business need that can’t be filled by the marketplace† (Belch Belch 2009, p. 34). This means that a company interested in international marketing must review its needs to ensure that the short and long terms plans are implemented without interfering with the primary goal of business sustenance and feasibility. Allocation and customisation of marketing resources should consider the element of people since the entire marketing plan is b ased on the need to convince customers to accept a product or service (Hammond 2006). In allocation and customisation of marketing resources, Hakala, Svensson, and Vincze (2012) note that a marketing agent should â€Å"endeavour to monitor the response rate and the duration or period of advertisement to ensure that the point of contact is sustainable† (Hakala, Svensson, Vincze 2012, p. 446). Therefore, realistic market assessment and creation of a unique market niche are the main prerequisites for successful resource allocation and customisation. In the case of the Allsmile product, the regional manager found it difficult to balance the aspects of people, culture, and marketing communication in the four targeted countries of entry for the proposed Allsmile product. According to Rossiter and Bellman (2005), â€Å"activities, interests, and opinion marketing directly dictates purchasing behaviour and preference among customers† (Rossiter Bellman 2005, p. 34). The popul ation in the five targeted regions consists of relatively conservative middle income families as the majority.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This group is very consciously of culture and tends to be influenced by their cultural perception on a product before making a decision to purchase (Jones 2010). Since selling of the Allsmile product was done through indirect distribution, it was difficult for the regional manager to balance the power of the supplier since the proposed advertisement messages could not be designed for each targeted market (Stokes 2011). In the international marketing operations, sustainability is vital in placement of an effective promotion plan to ensure that the targeted market is reached (Belch Belch 2009). According to West, Ford, and Ibrahim (2010), â€Å"it is critical to adopt brand amalgamation and consolidation through a long term communication strategy that directly appeals to the target market† (West, Ford, Ibrahim 2010, p. 37). Though the international marketing communication was effective in promoting the visibility of the Allsmile product, advertisement model was inflexible to the cultural and social dynamics in each of the four states (West, Ford, Ibrahim 2010). Besides, the negotiating media contract stage was very difficult to implement since the entry in each market was done at different time with different resources. Shortcomings of Academic Materials on the Challenge Despite the fact that the challenge of allocation and customisation of marketing resources is common in most of international marketing, the current literature on the topic has not focused on the South American continent. This means that there are no past research studies that are directed towards the dynamic region in Latin America. Therefore, the research paper will attempt to fill this gap by investigating how the challenge of allocation and customisation of marketing resources affect international marketing strategies. How Challenge of Allocation and Customisation of Marketing Resources Manifested Itself Despite the fact that the targeted countries are located in one region, the le vel of market attractiveness differed with Chile being the most attractive and Brazil being the least attractive market. Since the entry plan for each country was systematic, the resources available should be spread across the five years. Customisation of resources also became challenging in applying a standardized marketing communication plan since some of the targeted countries used different languages. Therefore, it was very difficult to use a single advertisement message to market the Allsmile product across the Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. Since the production point for the targeted markets was located in Chile, the challenge of logistical support in order to keep constant supply in other countries such as Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina was apparent. Besides, transporting the Allsmile products manufactured in the US to Mexico was a challenge since the long distance translated into more resources being channelled in the distribution costs. Th e entire international marketing strategy had different primary channels for each targeted market. For instance, in Chile, the channels comprised of hypermarket, and self service while the channels in Mexico comprised of traditional and wholesale. The differences in primary channels translated to need for more logistical support in customisation of the marketing resources for each geographical location. Since the geographical regions that were targeted by the Allsmile toothpaste product have different cultural, social orientation within their demographic dynamics, it was very difficult to create a standardized international marketing communication strategy as part of advertisement to improve product acceptance and visibility. In trying to ensure that the marketing communication strategy for the Allsmile product is effective, there was the challenge of sustainability, especially in the dynamic Argentina market since the research findings revealed that majority of the targeted custome rs in this country can easily change their preference. It was not easy to create a sustainable marketing communication plan for the Allsmile brand since the advertisement message was similar in all the five countries. Among the key preconditions that emerged in implementing the simulation was the possibility of creating a long-term commitment in marketing communication beyond the five year period dedicated for entry in the four markets. Specifically, the marketing communication plan was not created in a way that it can remain responsive to societal changes since the research conducted did not accommodate possibility of brand amalgamation in the long run. In developing the international marketing communication implementation stage, the regional manager was successful in creation of a high level strategy to ensure that the entry plan and marketing penetration in each target country was done within the time frame allocated. Actually, the regional manager was able to create benchmarks f or increasing product awareness and sustaining publicity in the four countries. However, the advertisement tactics were mismatched since each targeted market did not operate in the same conditions. For instance, the regional manager did not have a comprehensive â€Å"understanding of the dynamics of the local market, technological competition, quality assurance, cultural compliance, and effective marketing skills when reaching its target market through the advertisement plan† (Shimp 2007, p. 45). This situation occurred due to initial assumption that the targeted clients in the four countries will find it very easy to associate with the Allsmile product. How the Team Handled the Challenge Allocation and Customisation of Marketing Resources It is important to note that different countries exhibit different cultural and social practices and beliefs, which may have significant influence on business. One important aspect to consider is the fact that the targeted region has cultur al practices, consumption patterns, and beliefs that are different from those in the US (Shimp 2007). A lthough it may be a daunting task to convince some clients in the targeted region to accept products affiliated to US, the team depended on the good diplomatic relations between the US and this region to create positive change in social environment and eventual product acceptance (Shimp 2007). Indeed, the team’s strategy of production in Chile was successful in convincing the clients that the Allsmile product was local. In terms of language, the team used English as the primary marketing language since majority of the targeted population speaks English as a second language. This made it easy for the team to create a standardised international marketing communication strategy. Since the targeted region is largely dominated by Christians, the team successfully created procedures on how to satisfy the needs of the communities without interfering with the Christian culture in C hile, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, and Mexico. This allowed the Allsmile product to maintain its leadership position in the dental hygiene market (Hollensen 2014). During expansion, it is normal for any business to face different challenges. For the expansion to succeed, it is very important for one to take note of all challenges that might appear, and strategise on how to tackle them. The team marketing the Allsmile product adopted strategies to ensure that they are culturally sensitive through a thorough stakeholder analysis when launching the campaign, in order to eliminate any chances of alienating company stakeholders, especially on social perspective (Yan, Myers, Wang 2012). The team conducted a survey of the South American region, including socio-cultural norms of each targeted country, in order to understand their consumption patterns and needs. Besides, the production plant in Chile was established to produce dental products that are more inclined to interests and preferences of this community. In order to address the challenge of demographic imbalances in the targeted region, the team marketing the Allsmile toothpaste product carried out clear customer segmentation and identified the needs of each segment in each country. From the demographic segmentation strategy, the team was able to identify the young and family segments as representing the majority of targeted clients while aged segment was the least in the targeted region. Through this strategy, more resources and marketing customisation was directed to the young and family segments to maximize the brand intake (Yan, Myers, Wang 2012). Reference List Belch, E, Belch, A 2009, Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing communications perspective, Mass: McGraw-Hill, Boston. Hakala, U, Svensson, J, Vincze, Z 2012, â€Å"Consumer-based brand equity and top-of-mind awareness: a cross-country analysis,† Journal of Product Brand Management, vol. 21 no. 6, pp.439-451 Hammond, K 2006, â₠¬Å"Market Segmentation for Competitive Brands,† European Journal of Marketing, vol. 30 no. 12, pp. 39-49. Hollensen, S 2014, Global marketing: A decision oriented approach, FT Prentice Hall, London. Jones, P 2010, â€Å"Advertising: strong force or weak force? Two views an ocean apart,† International Journal of Advertising, vol. 9 no. 3, pp. 45-61. Rossiter, J, Bellman, S 2005, Marketing communications: Theory and applications, Prentice Hall, Frenchs Forest Shimp, T 2007, Advertising, promotion, and other aspects of integrated marketing communications, Thomson South-Western: Mason, Ohio Stokes, R 2011, eMarketing: The essential guide to digital marketing, Quirk eMarketing (Pty) Ltd, London. West, D, Ford, J, Ibrahim, E 2010, Strategic marketing, Oxford University Press, London. Yan, R, Myers, A, Wang, J 2012, â€Å"Price strategy, information sharing, and firm performance in a market channel with a dominant retailer,† Journal of Product Brand Management, vol. 21 no. 6, pp.475-485. This essay on Creating Standard International Marketing Communication Strategies was written and submitted by user T0adMen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Quotes About the Meaning of Home

Quotes About the Meaning of Home Home sweet home, a place that gives you unconditional love, happiness, and comfort. It may be a place where you can bury your sorrows, store your belongings or welcome your friends. A happy home  doesnt require the trappings of opulence. Any place can be home as long as you are comfortable and secure there. If you are homesick or looking for a home of your own, these writers and thinkers can do wonders to lift your spirits. Jane Austen There is nothing like staying at home for real comfort. Vernon Baker Home is where the heart can laugh without shyness. Home is where the hearts tears can dry at their own pace. William J. Bennett Home is a shelter from storms - all sorts of storms. Sarah Ban Breathnach Be grateful for the home you have, knowing that at this moment, all you have is all you need. G.K. Chesterton ...the truth is that the home is the only place of liberty, the only spot on earth where a man can alter arrangements suddenly, make an experiment on indulging in a whim. The home is not the one tame place in a world of adventure; it is the one wild place in a world of rules and set tasks. Confucius The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the home. Le Corbusier A house is a machine for living in. Charles Dickens Home is a name, a word, it is a strong one; stronger than magician ever spoke, or spirit ever answered to, in the strongest conjuration. Emily Dickinson Where thou art, that is home. Ralph Waldo Emerson The house is a castle which the King cannot enter. Benjamin Franklin A house is not a home unless it contains food and fire for the mind as well as the body. Billy Graham My home is in Heaven. Im just traveling through this world. Jerome K. Jerome I want a house that has got over all its troubles; I dont want to spend the rest of my life bringing up a young and inexperienced house. Joyce Maynard A good home must be made, not bought. Christian Morgenstern Home is not where you live but where they understand you. Kathleen Norris Peace - that was the other name for home. Pliny the Elder Home is where the heart is. Catherine Pulsifer Home is where we should feel secure and comfortable. Helen Rowland Home is any four walls that enclose the right person. William Shakespeare People usually are the happiest at home. Charles Swain Home is where theres one to love us. Mother Teresa Love begins by taking care of the closest ones - the ones at home. George Washington I had rather be on my farm than be emperor of the world. Angela Wood If you know youre going home, the journey is never too hard.

Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Data Analysis - Essay Example ysing the factors which influenced mind during voting, particularly how their educational qualifications, religious leanings, gender income, etc., influenced their voting behaviour. Various political and social developments impacted the voting behaviour of the people in the British elections. As stated by Alvarez and Nagler (1997), in the United Kingdom, â€Å"the sustained revival of the Liberal Party since 1970, the rise of nationalist parties in Wales and Scotland, and the new Social Democratic Party, poised significant challenges to the established two-party system.† Apart from these aspects, studies were conducted to find out certain personal and social factors also impacted the voting behaviour. One of the key aspects which is thought to influence the voting pattern of the voters is their education and thereby intelligence levels. Deary, Batty and Gale (2008) in the 1970 British Cohort Study, examined the relation between childhood intelligence and how those people voted at the ages of 30 and above during the 2001 UK general election. The studies found that, â€Å"People with higher childhood intelligence were more likely to vote in the 2001 election (38% increased prevalence per SD increase in intelligence), People with higher childhood intelligence were more likely to take part in rallies and demonstrations, and to sign petitions, and expressed a greater interest in politics (40%, 65%, 33%, and 58% increased prevalence per SD increase in intelligence, respectively).† (Deary, Batty and Gale 2008). The other aspect, which could also inf luence the voters during the voting process, is their religious leanings. Kotler-Berkowitz (2001) points out how data from the 1991 and 1992 waves of the British Household Panel Study, when statistically analyzed (using multinomial logistic regression analysis) state that religions influence the voting decisions of sizable number of British citizens. â€Å"Religious belonging, behaviour and belief, as well as the religious context

Operation management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operation management - Case Study Example The crashes caused sales to dropped by 60% and this translates to a drop in revenue that ranges from $1.2 million to $1.8 to a mere $400,000. The business cannot continue losing revenue at this rate. It even nearly folded had it been to $200,000 loan from a friend. The crashes also cause other intangible problems that sabotage the business. Its crashes undermine the brand of its company as it will lose credibility in the market. It is also losing the goodwill of its customers of which it already had hard time retaining them during the height of its technical problems. The website of InsuranceAgents.com is not just a mere website for the company to have an online presence of informing the public that it exists. Rather, its website is the platform where the company conducts its business. It is like its office, its store, that if it crashes, it is tantamount to an office or store to be closed that no business can be done. And since no business can be done, no revenues can be made. Meanwhile, expenses continue to incur even if there is no revenue coming in. it goes without saying that the company cannot afford the website to crash because every time it crashes, it will have an economic impact to the company’s bottom line. There are also other intangible loses that the company incurs that may not register on its financial statements every time it incurs a downtime. This is the tarnished image and brand of the company. It could also drive customers away to the competitor. The company is back on the black and is no longer struggling. It is again a good time to consider growth. And since the tough times seems to be over, the company no longer has to bother with problem and just maintain how things are done. Hiring an experienced and competent CIO who will ensure that the company’s website will be up and running all the time. He or she can also immediately address any issue in the IT department without causing any damage of downtime to the

Dichotic Listening Task Analysis

Dichotic Listening Task Analysis Miss Emma Elizabeth Dorothy Meredith What does the dichotic listening task tell us about how we attend to information? Discuss this with reference to early and late selection models of attention. Attention is a selection process and is invaluable to our everyday lives. We use our attention for many things such as crossing the road, watching over our children, or even while multi-tasking (which is an invaluable skill in today’s world). Psychologist William James (890), talked about two modes of attention; Active attention which is indicative of an individual’s goals and expectations and controlled in a top-down way; and passive attention which is controlled in a bottom-up way and is effected by external stimuli (Eysenck, Keane, 2010). The way attention works brings about a host of questions which has generated much research in to this field; questions such as how much information can we take in at once? What happens to the information to which we are not attending? Do distractions from unwanted information cause attention to fail? Other questions are how do we process the information coming through our senses? And when in the process do we filter out that which i s not relevant? (Naish, 2010). This essay will be concerned with where the filter lies in the process and will compare and contrast early and late models of selection, drawing on research in this area which has used dichotic listening tasks to help explain how we attend to information. The dichotic listening task is a method commonly used by researchers in psychology to explore selective attention. Participants are asked to wear headphones, in which they are then presented with multiple sounds representing that of the real world. These different sounds are played in each ear and are easily manipulated (Naish, 2010). Broadbent (1952, 1954) used the dichotic listening task to support the bottleneck theory of attention. This theory proposed that information is selected on the basis of ‘low level’ physical characteristics such as location of sound, pitch and gender of speaker, and only this information is processed which would suggests that this bottleneck in the attentional system is such that only a limited amount of sensory information passes through it. Broadbent argued that this bottleneck occurs early on in the filtering process. To demonstrate this theory, Broadbent used the dichotic listening task in which he used two conditions where the participa nts are asked to listen and repeat different numbers. Pairs of different numbers are played to each ear. They then have to report these numbers back either by confirming the numbers heard in each ear (condition 1) or reporting the numbers in the order they were heard (condition 2). Broadbent’s findings were that generally participants found condition 1 easier than condition 2 and that participants generally couldn’t remember the ignored message in one ear when close attention was paid to the message in the other. However he found that with short messages, participants could access the neglected information a short time after, as it would be stored in the echoic memory. Physical features such as pitch and location were also found to be used by participants to track messages. From this, Broadbent concluded that switching attention back and forth between ears took up more cognitive resource and that the physical features were also used to filter information. He also propo sed that all information is received in parallel and then sorted based on the perceptual characteristics. It is only then that the signal wanted is passed on for processing, anything else is blocked which protects again overloading of the semantic processor (Naish, 2010). Broadbent’s early filter theory has been criticised he argument being that if we haven’t extracted meaning out of the sensory information then how do we know to discard it as not relevant. Theories which contrast Broadbent’s early filter theory shall be looked at next. Attenuation theorists suggest that only the shadowed message in dichotic listening tasks are fully processed, however everything else is not blocked, it is just attenuated. Treisman (1960) discovered that some participants, when shadowing a message, would say a word that had been presented in the unshadowed message. She found that this was usually because the word was plausible in the context of meaning in the shadowed message (Eysenck, Keane, 2010). This led Treisman (1964) to propose the attenuation theory which is that all information is perceptually processed in parallel then sent through for processing semantically. The attended message would be left untouched and then, in contrast to Broadbent, all of the other information would be attenuated and analysed, rather than blocked which explains why the attenuated message will sometimes be attended to (such as in the cocktail party effect where you can be attended to a conversation in one part of the room, hear your name in another part of the room and then switch your attention to that conversation) and also illustrates a flaw within Broadbent’s early Filter theory. Treisman used the dichotic listening task and shadowing to illustrate attenuation. Participants were asked to shadow a story being played in one ear ignoring what was being played in the other ear. She found that participants began to shadow the other ear if the story switched ears, contradicting Broadbent’s theory as they shouldn’t be aware of the story continuing in the other ear. Treisman proposed that this was due to priming where the temporary sensitisation of a word due to the presence of another causes the listener to assume what the next word will be. She also claimed that the location of the bottleneck was likely to be more flexible than Broadbent had suggested (Naish, 2010). Certain words, such as own name, may also be recognised easily in the unattended message. It was demonstrated by Underwood (1977) that the primi ng effect became stronger if there were several linked ideas used to prime rather than a single word. Underwood also concluded that sentences are processed as whole units but only when attended as the priming effect was also much stronger when the story starts in the attended ear and then switches to the unattended ear rather than vice versa (Driver, 2001). It has already been mentioned that Broadbent had found that information could be stored in the echoic memory and it is also true of the iconic memory when it come visual modality. He argued that if we could switch attention rapidly into the appropriate sensory buffer then it would be possible to process unattended information. Broadbent was, however, cynical about this as he believed that it took 500ms to shift attention, but it actually takes 50ms (Tsal, 1983 cited Eysenck, Keane, 2010). This means that shifting attention to that information in the echoic memory can be as efficient as shifting attention to the actual object. Tre isman argues that the reason for this sporadic semantic processing of the unattended information is due to a leaky filter. In contrast, Broadbent argues that it depends on what is called ‘slippage’ by Lachter et.al (2004). That is attention shifted to supposedly unattended information, therefore it is not unattended (Eysenck, Keane, 2010). There are three other studies that showed unconscious awareness of the unattended material. Corteen and Wood (1972) conducted an experiment where participants were conditioned with a mild shock to city names until they showed a Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). They still showed GSR to these words and cities they hadn’t been conditioned in, when they occurred in the non-shadowed message, although consciously they were not aware of them (Naish, 2010). Corteen and Dunn (1974) also conditioned their participants to certain words so that they would exhibit GSR upon hearing them. To demonstrate non-awareness, participants were instructed to make a conscious response when a conditioned word was played. They failed to do this most of the time when the conditioned word was played in the unattended ear and exhibited GSR. This suggests that some processing for meaning must take place and contradicts Broadbent’s early filter theory (Driver, 2001). Von Wright, Anderson and Stenman (197 5) suggested that meaning can be processed without awareness. They established that a GSR was caused by related words, even synonyms, for the conditioned word by conducting a dichotic listening task where the participants were presented with two lists of words auditorially and asked to shadow one list and ignore the other. The findings were that this indeed happened and a GSR effect occurred when the words were in the non-shadowed list or were very similar sounding words (Eysenck, Keane, 2010). As already mentioned, attenuation theory helps to explain the cocktail party effect and also Corteen and Dunn’s finding. It confirms that unattended information might be available for identification not meaning. There is also less perceptual information to be identified with special words such as own name. Attenuation theory also explains why participants will follow a message from one ear to the other as both messages are being processed however priming makes related words in attenuated messages easier to identify at switching point (Driver, 2001). It may also be possible to explain auditory attention (how we deduce distinct â€Å"sound objects† to attend to, such as one person’s voice among many) by extending visual attention theories that explain how we deduce and attend to objects in our spotlight of attention. This suggests the same neural mechanisms may lie beneath both types of perception (Shinn-Cunningham, 2008). It is proposed by late selection theorists that all information is processed. It’s only the pertinent material that is made available Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) suggested that all messages are processed both perceptually and semantically, with the most important or relevant stimulus deciding the response. This puts the bottleneck much closer to the end of the processing system than both Broadbent’s and Treisman’s theories (Eysenck, Keane, 2010). Another theory suggested by Norman (1968) was that all information must be processed to the point where meaning is designated from memory (Naish, 2010). However, late selection theories were later falsified by developments in neuroscience. Neurophysiological studies took place which provided evidence against the theories of Deutsch and Deutsch. Coch, Sanders and Neville (2005), using the dichotic listening task, asked their participants to attend to one of two auditory messages. The task for the participants was to spot p robe targets which were presented on both the attended and non-attended messages. Event-Related Potentials (ERP) were recorded from each participant. It was found that ERPs appeared 100ms after the probe was presented and was greater when the probe was presented on the attended message. This suggests that there was more assessing of attended probes rather than unattended probes. However, if processing happened in the way Deutsch and Deutsch theorise, then there wouldn’t be any difference in the ERPs recorded (Eysenck, Keane, 2010). Each of the theories uses the dichotic listening task to provide evidence to support their theory. We know that attention is a limited resource and that we can’t focus on everything within our environment. The three major theories do give us an insight in to this. Broadbent’s early selection theory argues that the filter comes before the information is given meaning, but if this was the case then we wouldn’t be able to identify our own name when spoken in the unattended ear. Deutsch and Deutsch went on to argue that the filter happens after the information has been given meaning , so you register and assign everything a meaning then the filter decides what to pass on to conscious awareness. However, as attention is limited, this seems like a waste of resource to assign meaning to information that you will never need. So, Treismans attenuation theory fits nicely in between Broadbent’s early filter and Deutsch and Deutsch late selection filter and argues tha t the information into the unattended ear weakens but is not eliminated, that some of it will get through to the perceptual processes and be given meaning. The input from the unattended ear will still be given meaning but not as high priority as that in the attended ear. If, at this point, the unattended information is important (like hearing your names across a crowded room) then attention can be switched and you attenuate the previously attended to ear. The jury is still out on which of these theories is the ultimate when it comes to helping in our understanding of selective attention, however, each if the theories has been pivotal in how we view selective attention and this is important because attention is crucial to any other cognitive function that we perform. Word count: 2046 References Driver, J. (2001). ‘A selective review of selective attention research from the past century’,British Journal of Psychology,vol. 92, pp. 53–78. Edgar, G. (2007). ‘Perception and attention’. In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, K. Thomas (Eds), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 3-50). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Eysenck, M. Keane, M. (2010). ‘Visual perception and attention’. In Cognitive psychology: a students handbook. (6th ed. Pp 153 – 201) Hove, Eng. New York: Psychology Press. Naish. P., (2010). ‘Attention’. In Kaye, H. (Eds).Cognitive psychology (pp 29 – 62). Milton Keynes: The Open University Shinn-Cunningham, B.G. (2008). ‘Object-based auditory and visual attention’,Trends in Cognitive Sciences,vol. 12, pp. 182–6.

Paper as a Metaphor in A Streetcar Named Desire -- Tennessee Williams,

"[M]ortgages, foreclosures, directions, letters, poems, telegrams, newspapers, appraisals, songs, even moons (Kolin 1)." What do these all have to do with each other? Paper and A Streetcar Named Desire. Philip C. Kolin points out this metaphor in his article " 'It's only a paper moon': The Paper Ontology' in Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire.'" Kolin has found that Williams has used paper as a metaphor to describe Blanche's and Stanley's faults and desires. Kolin finds this to be a common thread in Williams' work but mainly focuses on Streetcar. Williams himself finds paper to be an interesting creation: "In Williams' own words, paper, when properly inscribed, can be sacred, yet when it is subjected to corrupt or untruthful imprints it is profane" (2). It's true paper seems to play a very important role in this play. One of the first things Stanley does is throw a "red-stained swatch of butcher paper" (3), at Stella. After reading or viewing this play, a bloodstained paper and Stanley definitely seem to intertwine with each other. Kolin argues Stanley uses paper ...

The Sociological Perspective

Know the assumptions of structural-functional, conflict, and symbolic interaction theories. Review the contributions of Augusta Comet, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, 6. Mile Drummers, Max Weber, Harriet Martinets, Jane Addams, and W. E. B. Dubos. Review the development of sociology in the United States. 8. Review the process of the three types of research discussed in the textbook. 9. Outline the steps in the scientific method of research. 10. Differentiate between the following concepts: variable, independent and dependent variables, and control variables. 11. 12. 13.Explain the importance of operational De Discuss what a sample is in survey research. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of controlled experiments, survey research, and participant observation. Do you every wonder why people in the Midwest drive pick-ups and the people in China want a bicycle? Do you ever think about why people were glued to their televisions when the World Trade Center Towers were destroyed by terro rists? Do you ever watch people at a ballgame or at a shopping mall? Have you ever wondered why these people behave as they do? Do you ask yourself why you make some of the decisions that you do?If you see influences from family, friends, co-workers, and the kind of economy hat we live in, then you are practicing sociology. Sociology is concerned with the groups, large and small, that we are a part of and how they influence our behavior. Sociology is one part of the social sciences. The social sciences are a related group of disciplines that study some aspect of human behavior. The differences are in the focuses. As examples, psychology focuses on such areas as the personality, the brain, and how we learn. History and political science study past events, government structures, and current affairs to understand our behavior.Economics includes areas such as supply and emend, government policies, and occupational trends. Anthropology focuses on cultures and how they determine certain b ehaviors. Sociology can be explained by the updated version of an old story titled: The Elephant Story. It goes as follows: It is said that in the recent past five wise men and women, all blindfolded, were led to an elephant. Each was asked to explain what they â€Å"saw†. The first, a psychologist, feeling the top of the head, said, â€Å"This is the only thing that counts. All feeling and thinking takes place inside here.To understand this beast, we need study only this. The second, an anthropologist, tenderly touching the trunk and the tusks, said, â€Å"This is really primitive. I feel very comfortable here. Concentrate on these. † The third, a political scientist, feeling the gigantic ears, said, â€Å"This is the power center. What goes in here controls the entire beast. Concentrate your studies here. † The fourth, an economist, feeling the mouth, said, this is what counts. What goes in here is distributed throughout the body. Concentrate your studies on this. Then came the sociologist (OF course! , who, feeling the entire body, said, You can't understand the beast by concentrating only one part. Each is but part of the whole. The head, the trunk and tusks, the ears, the mouth – all are important. And so are the parts of the beast that you haven't even mentioned. We must remove our blindfolds so we can see the larger picture. We have to see the larger picture. We have to see how everything works together to form the entire animal. Pausing for emphasis, the sociologist added, â€Å"And we also need to understand how this creature interacts with similar creatures, HOW does their life in groups influence their behaviors? I wish I could conclude this fable by saying that the psychologist, the anthropologist, the political scientist, and the economist, dazzled upon hearing the wisdom of the sociologist, amidst gasps of wonderment threw away their blindfolds, and joining together, began to examine the larger picture. But, alas, an d alack! Upon hearing this sage advice, each stubbornly bound their blindfolds even tighter to concentrate all the more on the single part. And if you listened very, very carefully you could even hear them saying, â€Å"Don't touch the tusks. † ‘take your hand off the ears. â€Å"Stay away room the mouth – that's my area. † Sociology, however, includes all of these areas of study and is probably the broadest of all of the social sciences. The main difference is that sociology focuses on the effects of groups on our actions and decisions. Sociology views behavior as resulting from all of the various influences that these disciplines specifically study. Certainly living in an industrial/technological society affects our motivations and our occupational choices. World War II affected how we view women in the labor force today. Telecommunications have influenced our current work patterns.These are a few examples that demonstrate the effects of our society on b ehavior. Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human social interaction. This means how we interact with persons in any group setting. Most of us follow patterns in our behaviors (think about your morning routines, are they usually the same? ) and this allows sociologists to learn something about our behavior. Sociologists try to describe and to explain behavior. They are people watchers – looking for patterns of behavior which allows sociologists to predict trends in behavior to help determine better social policies.However, sociologists realize that people change which requires that our predictions be tenuous. Never the less, sociologists want to develop a body Of reliable knowledge that can be applied to make our lives more understandable. Sociologists explain behavior through the concepts of structure and roles. Structure is much like a framework or script that guides our behavior. Roles, on the other hand, fit into a structure and deal with how we should perfor m. In a basketball game, rules serve to give the game structure. Everyone who plays knows or should know the rules of the game. This allows everyone to now how to behave and what to expect.

Domestic Terrorism in America Essay - 2166 Words

We therefore advocate a revolution against the industrial system. -Ted Kaczynski The sun rises to a deep spring-blue sky on Sunday the Fifth of May 2017; 51,000 people are converging on downtown Spokane for the 39th running of the Bloomsday road race. Thirty miles to the south, near the town of Fairfield, a small cluster of people watch from a distance as two men in protective coveralls and respirators pour fifty gallons of a clear fluid into the payload compartment of a Bell 300C helicopter. The crop duster, which was purchased for cash in Walla Walla, is a descendent of the Korean War era helicopters depicted on the television series MASH. After the liquid is loaded, and the outside of the helicopter is sanitized, the pilot runs†¦show more content†¦Her diagnosis: ricin poisoning. Once confirmed by lab testing, the report is transmitted to all regional health care centers, but nothing will help the afflicted. Ricin poisoning has no antidote, and no course of treatment has ever been found to be successful. By Monday at noon 10,000 people are dead. Three days later, the toll stands at 25,000. The attack is the single largest terrorist act in history. While the preceding scenario is definitely scary, what makes it truly terrifying is the ease with which such an act can be committed. Ricin, a derivative of the castor bean, is easily produced by anyone with a minimal background in laboratory methodology, such as might be learned in high school chemistry (Fester). And if ricin doesnt work, there are innumerable other deadly concoctions available for use by any group or individual looking to make a statement. Once the stuff of movies or perhaps newscasts covering a conflict in some third world backwater country, large scale terrorist operations are now a deadly reality in America. Few will ever forget the images of the Afred P. Murrah Federal Building: its remaining floors held up in a precarious cantilever; bloody, dust-covered survivors struggling to escape through the smoke and flames. These images will be repeated over and over again as our nation moves into theShow MoreRelatedDomestic Terrorism Is America s Greatest Threat : Mass Shootings And Hate Crimes1389 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Terrorism is America s Greatest Threat: Mass Shootings and Hate Crimes I. Introduction The United States has been in a national state of emergency fighting a war on terrorism since September 11, 2001. The intelligence communities have pursued and tracked down terrorist suspects who pose a direct threat to this country, yet one of the greatest threat to this country is the astronomical number of mass shootings and hate crimes that have occurred in this country post 9/11. 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